There are only 45 cancer centers in the U.S. that offer proton beam therapy, according to data from the National Association for Proton Therapy.
Proton beam therapy delivers a high dose of radiation directly to a tumor. It is particularly effective in treating tumors close to critical organs and for children with cancer, according to the organization's website.
Fewer than 1% of all radiation treatments in the U.S. use proton beam therapy; cost and health insurance coverage are barriers to adoption, according to the American Cancer Society.
Here are the 45 cancer centers currently offering proton beam therapy, by state:
Arizona
The Mayo Clinic Cancer Center (Phoenix)
Arkansas
Proton Center of Arkansas (Little Rock)
California
Loma Linda University Cancer Center
California Protons Cancer Therapy Center (San Diego)
District of Columbia
Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center
Johns Hopkins Proton Therapy Center at Sibley Memorial Hospital
Florida
Miami Cancer Institute at Baptist Health South Florida (Kendall)
Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center (Miami)
South Florida Proton Therapy Institute (Delray Beach)
Marjorie and Leonard Williams Center for Proton Therapy at the Orlando Health Cancer Institute
Ackerman Cancer Center (Jacksonville)
University of Florida Health Proton Therapy Institute (Jacksonville)
Georgia
Emory Proton Therapy Center (Atlanta)
Illinois
OSF Healthcare Saint Francis Medical Center (Peoria)
Northwestern Medicine Proton Center (Warrenville)
Kansas
University of Kansas Cancer Center (Kansas City)
Kansas City Proton Institute (Overland Park)
Louisiana
Willis-Knighton Cancer Center (Shreveport)
Maryland
Maryland Proton Treatment Center (Baltimore)
Massachusetts
Mass General Cancer Center (Boston)
Michigan
McLaren Proton Therapy Center (Flint)
Proton Therapy Center at Beaumont | Corewell Health (Royal Oak)
Minnesota
The Mayo Clinic Cancer Center-Minnesota (Rochester)
Missouri
S. Lee Kling Proton Therapy Center (Creve Coeur)
David C. Pratt Cancer Center (Creve Coeur)
New Jersey
ProCure Proton Treatment Center (Somerset)
Laurie Proton Therapy Center at Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital (New Brunswick)
Penn Medicine | Virtua Health Proton Therapy Center (Voorhees Township)
New York
New York Proton Center (New York City)
Ohio
Ohio State University-James Cancer Center (Columbus)
Cincinnati Children's Proton Therapy Center
University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center (Cleveland)
Oklahoma
Oklahoma Proton Center (Oklahoma City)
OU Health Stephenson Cancer Center (Oklahoma City)
Pennsylvania
Penn Medicine Roberts Proton Therapy Center (Philadelphia)
Penn Medicine Lancaster General Health
Tennessee
St. Jude Red Frog Events Proton Therapy Center (Memphis)
Tennessee Oncology Proton Center (Franklin)
Thompson Proton Center at Covenant Health (Knoxville)
Texas
MD Anderson Cancer Center Proton Therapy Center (Houston)
Texas Center for Proton Therapy (Irving)
Utah
Huntsman Cancer Institute (Salt Lake City)
Virginia
Hampton University Proton Therapy Institute
Inova Mather Proton Therapy Center (Annandale)
Washington
Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center (Seattle)
The following centers are developing proton beam therapy capabilities:
Florida
The Mayo Clinic Cancer Center (Jacksonville)
Southwest Florida Proton (Jacksonville)
North Carolina
Atrium Health Levine Cancer Center (Charlotte)
Wisconsin
UW Health | Carbone Cancer Center (Madison)
Froedtert & MCW Health (Wauwatosa)
The University of San Francisco recently submitted a proposal to build a proton-beam therapy center on the site of a shuttered power station.
Hartford Healthcare and Yale New Haven Health, both based in Connecticut, have partnered to open the Connecticut Proton Therapy Center in Wallingford. The center's groundbreaking ceremony is being planned for October.